Classification of solvents
The following table will help you to find the right freeze drying system for your solvent-containing substance.
Maximum permissible concentration (aqu. vol-%) of solvents in freeze dryers
| Solvent | Abbreviation | Low | Medium | High |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aceton, acetone | 10 | 25 | 100 | |
| Acrylsäure, acrylic acid | 10 | 25 | 80 | |
| Acetonitril, acetonitrile | ACN | 10 | 50 | 100 |
| Ameisensäure, formic acid | 10 | 10 | 20 | |
| Calcium Chloride | 10 | 10 | 10 | |
| Cyclohexan, cyclohexane | 10 | 50 | 50 | |
| Didecyldimethylammoniumchlorid | DDAC-C10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Diethylendioxid, Dioxan, dioxane | 10 | 25 | 100 | |
| Dimethylacetamid, dimethylacetamide | DMAC | 10 | 15 | 50 |
| Dimethylformamid, dimethylformamide | DMF | 0 | 5 | 20 |
| Dimethylsulfoxid, dimethyl sulfoxide | DMSO | 10 | 15 | 100 |
| Essigsäure, acetic acid | 20 | 20 | 20 | |
| Ethanol, ethanol | 10 | 50 | 100 | |
| Ethylacetat, Essigsäureethylester, Essigester, ethyl acetate | 10 | 30 | 80 | |
| Ethylendiamintetraacetat, Ethylendiamintetraessigsäure, tetrasodium | EDTA | 10 | 10 | 100 |
| Ethylenoxid, ethylene oxide | EO | 0 | 5 | 5 |
| Hexafluorisopropanol, hexafluroisopropanol | HFIP | 0 | 5 | 5 |
| Hexan, Heptan (Benzin), hexane, heptane | 0 | 10 | 10 | |
| Isopropanol, isopropyl alcohol | IPA | 10 | 50 | 100 |
| Kaliumhydroxid, Ätzkali, potassium hydroxide | 0 | 10 | 20 | |
| Methanol, methanole | 10 | 50 | 100 | |
| Methansulfonsäure, methanesulfone acid | MSA | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| Methansulfonsäure, methanesulfone acid | MSA | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| Methyl tert-Butyl Ether, 2-Methoxy-2-methylpropan, methyl-t-butyl ether | MtBE | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Methylenchlorid (Dichlormethan), methylene chloride | DCM | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Natriumhydroxid, Natronlauge, Ätznatron, sodium hydroxide | 10 | 10 | 10 | |
| Natriumhypochlorit, Chlorbleichlauge, sodium hypochlorite | 5 | 5 | 5 | |
| Natriumphosphat, sodium phosphate | 10 | 50 | 80 | |
| n-Benzol, benzene | 5 | 10 | 20 | |
| n-Butanol, butyl alcohol | 5 | 10 | 50 | |
| N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidon, n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone | NMP | 5 | 5 | 20 |
| Peressigsäure, peracetic acid, wässrig / aqu. (6%) | 0 | 0 | 6 | |
| Phenol | 0 | 0 | 5 | |
| Phosphorsäure, phosphoric acid | 0 | 10 | 10 | |
| Propanol (1-Propanol, 2-Propanol) | 10 | 50 | 100 | |
| Propylenglykol, Propylenglycol | 10 | 50 | 100 | |
| Pyridin, pyridine | 10 | 15 | 100 | |
| Stearinsäure, stearic acid | 10 | 30 | 30 | |
| Tetrachlormethan, carbon tetrachloride | 5 | 5 | 5 | |
| Tertbutylalkohol, Butylalkohol tertiär, 2-Methyl-2-Propanol, tert butanol | TBA | 10 | 25 | 60 |
| Tetrahydrofuran | THF | 0 | 0 | 5 |
| Toluol, toluene | 5 | 25 | 50 | |
| Trifluoressigsäure, trifluoroacetic acid | TFA | 10 | 15 | 20 |
| Wasserstoff Peroxid, hydrogen peroxide | 30 | 30 | 60 | |
| Zitronensäure, citric acid | 10 | 25 | 100 |
Your specialist for solvents
Martin Christ gained experience in the field of solvent freeze drying at an early stage. Today, in addition to the high-performance Alpha 3-4 LSCbasic laboratory freeze dryer, two pilot freeze dryers are available that allow optimum drying of end products with highly concentrated solvents.
Based on experience, a simplified classification of the solvents normally used in freeze drying into "low" - "medium" - "high" has been developed. This makes it quick and easy to decide which freeze dryer configuration is the right solution for which solvent concentration.
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